Heap#

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La structure heap ou tas en français est utilisée pour trier. Elle peut également servir à obtenir les k premiers éléments d’une liste.

from jyquickhelper import add_notebook_menu
add_notebook_menu()

Un tas est peut être considéré comme un tableau T qui vérifie une condition assez simple, pour tout indice i, alors T[i] \geqslant \max(T[2i+1], T[2i+2]). On en déduit nécessairement que le premier élément du tableau est le plus grand. Maintenant comment transformer un tableau en un autre qui respecte cette contrainte ?

%matplotlib inline

Transformer en tas#

def swap(tab, i, j):
    "Echange deux éléments."
    tab[i], tab[j] = tab[j], tab[i]


def entas(heap):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    modif = 1
    while modif > 0:
        modif = 0
        i = len(heap) - 1
        while i > 0:
            root = (i-1) // 2
            if heap[root] < heap[i]:
                swap(heap, root, i)
                modif += 1
            i -= 1
    return heap

ens = [1,2,3,4,7,10,5,6,11,12,3]
entas(ens)
[12, 11, 5, 10, 7, 3, 1, 6, 4, 3, 2]

Comme ce n’est pas facile de vérifer que c’est un tas, on le dessine.

Dessiner un tas#

from pyensae.graphhelper import draw_diagram

def dessine_tas(heap):
    rows = ["blockdiag {"]
    for i, v in enumerate(heap):
        if i*2+1 < len(heap):
            rows.append('"[{}]={}" -> "[{}]={}";'.format(
                i, heap[i], i * 2 + 1, heap[i*2+1]))
            if i*2+2 < len(heap):
                rows.append('"[{}]={}" -> "[{}]={}";'.format(
                    i, heap[i], i * 2 + 2, heap[i*2+2]))
    rows.append("}")
    return draw_diagram("\n".join(rows))

ens = [1,2,3,4,7,10,5,6,11,12,3]
dessine_tas(entas(ens))
../_images/nbheap_8_0.png

Le nombre entre crochets est la position, l’autre nombre est la valeur à cette position. Cette représentation fait apparaître une structure d’arbre binaire.

Première version#

def swap(tab, i, j):
    "Echange deux éléments."
    tab[i], tab[j] = tab[j], tab[i]


def _heapify_max_bottom(heap):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    modif = 1
    while modif > 0:
        modif = 0
        i = len(heap) - 1
        while i > 0:
            root = (i-1) // 2
            if heap[root] < heap[i]:
                swap(heap, root, i)
                modif += 1
            i -= 1


def _heapify_max_up(heap):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    i = 0
    while True:
        left = 2*i + 1
        right = left+1
        if right < len(heap):
            if heap[left] > heap[i] >= heap[right]:
                swap(heap, i, left)
                i = left
            elif heap[right] > heap[i]:
                swap(heap, i, right)
                i = right
            else:
                break
        elif left < len(heap) and heap[left] > heap[i]:
            swap(heap, i, left)
            i = left
        else:
            break


def topk_min(ens, k):
    "Retourne les k plus petits éléments d'un ensemble."

    heap = ens[:k]
    _heapify_max_bottom(heap)

    for el in ens[k:]:
        if el < heap[0]:
            heap[0] = el
            _heapify_max_up(heap)
    return heap


ens = [1,2,3,4,7,10,5,6,11,12,3]
for k in range(1, len(ens)-1):
    print(k, topk_min(ens, k))
1 [1]
2 [2, 1]
3 [3, 2, 1]
4 [3, 3, 1, 2]
5 [4, 3, 1, 3, 2]
6 [5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]
7 [5, 6, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1]
8 [5, 7, 3, 6, 2, 3, 1, 4]
9 [5, 10, 3, 7, 2, 3, 1, 6, 4]

Même chose avec les indices au lieu des valeurs#

def _heapify_max_bottom_position(ens, pos):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    modif = 1
    while modif > 0:
        modif = 0
        i = len(pos) - 1
        while i > 0:
            root = (i-1) // 2
            if ens[pos[root]] < ens[pos[i]]:
                swap(pos, root, i)
                modif += 1
            i -= 1


def _heapify_max_up_position(ens, pos):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    i = 0
    while True:
        left = 2*i + 1
        right = left+1
        if right < len(pos):
            if ens[pos[left]] > ens[pos[i]] >= ens[pos[right]]:
                swap(pos, i, left)
                i = left
            elif ens[pos[right]] > ens[pos[i]]:
                swap(pos, i, right)
                i = right
            else:
                break
        elif left < len(pos) and ens[pos[left]] > ens[pos[i]]:
            swap(pos, i, left)
            i = left
        else:
            break


def topk_min_position(ens, k):
    "Retourne les positions des k plus petits éléments d'un ensemble."

    pos = list(range(k))
    _heapify_max_bottom_position(ens, pos)

    for i, el in enumerate(ens[k:]):
        if el < ens[pos[0]]:
            pos[0] = k + i
            _heapify_max_up_position(ens, pos)
    return pos


ens = [1,2,3,7,10,4,5,6,11,12,3]
for k in range(1, len(ens)-1):
    pos = topk_min_position(ens, k)
    print(k, pos, [ens[i] for i in pos])
1 [0] [1]
2 [1, 0] [2, 1]
3 [2, 1, 0] [3, 2, 1]
4 [10, 2, 0, 1] [3, 3, 1, 2]
5 [5, 10, 0, 2, 1] [4, 3, 1, 3, 2]
6 [6, 5, 2, 10, 1, 0] [5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]
7 [5, 7, 10, 6, 1, 2, 0] [4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 3, 1]
8 [5, 3, 10, 7, 1, 2, 0, 6] [4, 7, 3, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5]
9 [5, 4, 10, 3, 1, 2, 0, 7, 6] [4, 10, 3, 7, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5]
import numpy.random as rnd

X = rnd.randn(10000)

%timeit topk_min(X, 20)
5.59 ms ± 728 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
%timeit topk_min_position(X, 20)
7.85 ms ± 544 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Coût de l’algorithme#

from cpyquickhelper.numbers import measure_time
from tqdm import tqdm
from pandas import DataFrame

rows = []
for n in tqdm(list(range(1000, 20001, 1000))):
    X = rnd.randn(n)
    res = measure_time('topk_min_position(X, 100)',
                       {'X': X, 'topk_min_position': topk_min_position},
                       div_by_number=True,
                       number=10)
    res["size"] = n
    rows.append(res)

df = DataFrame(rows)
df.head()
100%|██████████| 20/20 [00:23<00:00,  1.78s/it]
average deviation min_exec max_exec repeat number context_size size
0 0.003916 0.000363 0.003336 0.004570 10 10 240 1000
1 0.005436 0.001039 0.004235 0.007412 10 10 240 2000
2 0.005306 0.001051 0.004090 0.007401 10 10 240 3000
3 0.005341 0.000830 0.004376 0.007003 10 10 240 4000
4 0.007047 0.001786 0.005223 0.012082 10 10 240 5000
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
df[['size', 'average']].set_index('size').plot()
plt.title("Coût topk en fonction de la taille du tableau");
../_images/nbheap_18_0.png

A peu près linéaire comme attendu.

rows = []
X = rnd.randn(10000)
for k in tqdm(list(range(500, 2001, 150))):
    res = measure_time('topk_min_position(X, k)',
                       {'X': X, 'topk_min_position': topk_min_position, 'k': k},
                       div_by_number=True,
                       number=5)
    res["k"] = k
    rows.append(res)

df = DataFrame(rows)
df.head()
  0%|          | 0/11 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
  9%|▉         | 1/11 [00:00<00:09,  1.11it/s]
 18%|█▊        | 2/11 [00:02<00:09,  1.05s/it]
 27%|██▋       | 3/11 [00:03<00:09,  1.20s/it]
 36%|███▋      | 4/11 [00:05<00:09,  1.34s/it]
 45%|████▌     | 5/11 [00:07<00:08,  1.44s/it]
 55%|█████▍    | 6/11 [00:08<00:07,  1.54s/it]
 64%|██████▎   | 7/11 [00:10<00:06,  1.64s/it]
 73%|███████▎  | 8/11 [00:13<00:05,  1.86s/it]
 82%|████████▏ | 9/11 [00:15<00:03,  1.93s/it]
 91%|█████████ | 10/11 [00:17<00:01,  1.98s/it]
100%|██████████| 11/11 [00:19<00:00,  2.16s/it]
average deviation min_exec max_exec repeat number context_size k
0 0.018026 0.002823 0.015226 0.025344 10 5 240 500
1 0.027577 0.008949 0.018939 0.043367 10 5 240 650
2 0.031409 0.011282 0.020159 0.056507 10 5 240 800
3 0.032973 0.007518 0.025192 0.047946 10 5 240 950
4 0.033467 0.007725 0.025187 0.051844 10 5 240 1100
df[['k', 'average']].set_index('k').plot()
plt.title("Coût topk en fonction de k");
../_images/nbheap_21_0.png

Pas évident, au pire en O(n\ln n), au mieux en O(n).

Version simplifiée#

A-t-on vraiment besoin de _heapify_max_bottom_position ?

def _heapify_max_up_position_simple(ens, pos, first):
    "Organise un ensemble selon un tas."
    i = first
    while True:
        left = 2*i + 1
        right = left+1
        if right < len(pos):
            if ens[pos[left]] > ens[pos[i]] >= ens[pos[right]]:
                swap(pos, i, left)
                i = left
            elif ens[pos[right]] > ens[pos[i]]:
                swap(pos, i, right)
                i = right
            else:
                break
        elif left < len(pos) and ens[pos[left]] > ens[pos[i]]:
            swap(pos, i, left)
            i = left
        else:
            break


def topk_min_position_simple(ens, k):
    "Retourne les positions des k plus petits éléments d'un ensemble."

    pos = list(range(k))
    pos[k-1] = 0

    for i in range(1, k):
        pos[k-i-1] = i
        _heapify_max_up_position_simple(ens, pos, k-i-1)

    for i, el in enumerate(ens[k:]):
        if el < ens[pos[0]]:
            pos[0] = k + i
            _heapify_max_up_position_simple(ens, pos, 0)
    return pos


ens = [1,2,3,7,10,4,5,6,11,12,3]
for k in range(1, len(ens)-1):
    pos = topk_min_position_simple(ens, k)
    print(k, pos, [ens[i] for i in pos])
1 [0] [1]
2 [1, 0] [2, 1]
3 [2, 1, 0] [3, 2, 1]
4 [10, 2, 1, 0] [3, 3, 2, 1]
5 [5, 10, 2, 1, 0] [4, 3, 3, 2, 1]
6 [5, 6, 10, 2, 1, 0] [4, 5, 3, 3, 2, 1]
7 [6, 7, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0] [5, 6, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1]
8 [5, 4, 10, 7, 6, 2, 1, 0] [4, 10, 3, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1]
9 [3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 10, 2, 1, 0] [7, 10, 5, 4, 6, 3, 3, 2, 1]
X = rnd.randn(10000)

%timeit topk_min_position_simple(X, 20)
7.5 ms ± 810 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)